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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Klastogen</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Ein <b>Klastogen</b> ist ein <a href="Gift" title="Gift">Gift</a>, welches <a href="Chromosomenaberration" title="Chromosomenaberration">Chromosomenaberrationen</a> durch Bruch eines <a href="Chromosom" title="Chromosom">Chromosoms</a> hervorruft oder induziert, durch den Teile eines Chromosoms verloren gehen oder einem anderen hinzugefügt werden oder die Bruchstücke neu angeordnet werden können.<sup id="cite_ref-assay_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assay-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Dieser Vorgang kann als eine Form der <a href="Mutagenese" title="Mutagenese">Mutagenese</a> verstanden werden und kann zu <a href="Karzinogenese" title="Karzinogenese">Karzinogenese</a> oder <a href="Teratogen" title="Teratogen">Missbildungen</a> führen, da das Erbgut von Zellen, die durch den klastogenen Effekt nicht abgetötet werden, verändert werden kann: Klastogene können <a href="Mutagen" title="Mutagen">mutagen</a> oder kanzerogen wirken, je nachdem, ob die Wirkung innerhalb der <a href="Keimbahn" title="Keimbahn">Keimbahn</a> an eine Nachfolgegeneration weitergegeben wird oder ob sich in somatischen Zellen ein Tumor entwickelt.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Vermutete oder identifizierte Klastogene sind:
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<ul><li><a href="Acridingelb" title="Acridingelb">Acridingelb</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Odunola_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odunola-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a> oder seine Verbindungen,<sup id="cite_ref-Odunola_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odunola-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Benzol" title="Benzol">Benzol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Odunola_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odunola-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Ethylenoxid" title="Ethylenoxid">Ethylenoxid</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Odunola_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odunola-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Mimosin" title="Mimosin">Mimosin</a> (Leucenol),<sup id="cite_ref-Odunola_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odunola-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Phosphin" class="mw-disambig" title="Phosphin">Phosphin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Odunola_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odunola-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p>Häufiger Kontakt mit Klastogenen erhöht die Wahrscheinlichkeit abnormaler <a href="Spermium" title="Spermium">Spermien</a> und <a href="Teratogen" title="Teratogen">Entwicklungsstörungen</a> der mit ihnen <a href="Zeugung" title="Zeugung">gezeugten</a> <a href="F%C3%B6tus" title="Fötus">Föten</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Testverfahren">Testverfahren</h2></div>
<p>Chemische Substanzen können einem <i>Chromosomenaberrations Assay</i> oder einem Mikronukleus Assay unterzogen werden, um sie als Klastogene zu identifizieren oder von diesem Verdacht zu befreien.<sup id="cite_ref-assay_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assay-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-assay-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-assay_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-assay_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosefort C., E. Fauth, <a href="Heinrich_Zankl" title="Heinrich Zankl">H. Zankl</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mutage/article/19/4/277/1221285"><i>Micronuclei induced by aneugens and clastogens in mononucleate and binucleate cells using cytokinesis block assay.</i></a> In: <a href="Mutagenesis" title="Mutagenesis">Mutagenesis</a>, Band 19, 2004, S. 277–284.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"This leads to the conclusion that a chemical that fails to induce a significant response in an <i>in vitro</i> clastogenicity assay is unlikely to be clastogenic <i>in vivo,</i> in bone marrow assays." Rose, John. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=5lMP9ivOoxcC&pg=PA64&dq=Clastogenic&lr="><i>Environmental Toxicology: Current Developments,</i> S. 64.</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cells were treated with both mutagenic (causing gene mutations) and clastogenic (causing chromosome aberrations) compounds." <i>Comparison of clastogen-induced gene expression profiles in wild-type and DNA repair-deficient Rad54/Rad54B cells.</i> BMC Genomics, Band 11, 2010, S. 24, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-11-24">10.1186/1471-2164-11-24</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Odunola-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Odunola_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Odunola_4-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Odunola_4-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Odunola_4-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Odunola_4-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Odunola_4-5">f</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Oyeronke A. Odunola, Aliyu Muhammad, Ahsana D. Farooq, Kourosh Dalvandi, Huma Rasheed, Muhammad I. Choudhary, Ochuko L. Erukainure: <i>Comparative assessment of redox-sensitive biomarkers due to acacia honey and sodium arsenite administration in vivo.</i> In: <i>Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism</i> 6, Nr. 2, 2013, S. 119–126, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12349-013-0127-1">10.1007/s12349-013-0127-1</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Erich Gebhart, Ruben M. Arutyunyan: <i>Principles of clastogenic action and its estimation.</i> In: <i>Anticlastogens in Mammalian and Human Cells.</i> Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991, S. 7–30.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jorma Maeki-Paakkanen, Päivi Kurttio, Anna Paldy, Juha Pekkanen: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jorma_Maeki-Paakkanen/publication/13407016_Association_between_the_clastogenic_effect_in_peripheral_lymphocytes_and_human_exposure_to_arsenic_through_drinking_water/links/0f31752f8e6c6837ad000000.pdf">Association between the clastogenic effect in peripheral lymphocytes and human exposure to arsenic through drinking water.</a></i> In: <i>Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis</i> 32, Nr. 4, 1998, S. 301–313.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Whysner, M. Vijayaraj Reddy, Peter M. Ross, Melissa Mohan, Elizabeth A. Lax: <i>Genotoxicity of benzene and its metabolites.</i> In: <i>Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research</i> 566, Nr. 2, 2004, S. 99–130, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5742%2803%2900053-X">10.1016/S1383-5742(03)00053-X</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benkt Högstedt, Emma Bergmark, Margareta Törnqvist, Siv Osterman-Golkar: <i>Chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei in lymphocytes in relation to alkylation of hemoglobin in workers exposed to ethylene oxide and propylene oxide.</i> In: <i>Hereditas</i> 113, Nr. 2, 1990, S. 133–38. <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1990.tb00076.x">10.1111/j.1601-5223.1990.tb00076.x</a></span> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Juan J. Rodríguez-Mercado, Rodrigo A. Mateos-Nava, Mario A. Altamirano-Lozano: <i>DNA damage induction in human cells exposed to vanadium oxides in vitro.</i> In: <i>Toxicology in Vitro</i> 25, Nr. 8, 2011, S. 1996–2002, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2011.07.009">10.1016/j.tiv.2011.07.009</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.oecd.org/env/test-no-473-in-vitro-mammalian-chromosomal-aberration-test-9789264264649-en.htm">https://www.oecd.org/env/test-no-473-in-vitro-mammalian-chromosomal-aberration-test-9789264264649-en.htm</a> </span>
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